Outline

 ** // I.  // **** //  Unifying  // **** //  Italy  // **  · // Italians all spoke the same language, but had not experienced political unity since Roman Mazzini. //  · // By the early 1800’s Mazzini and other Italian patriots were determined to build a new, united  ////  Italy  ////. // ** // A.  // **** //  Obstacles to Italian unity. // **  · // Italy //// was a battleground for ambitious foreign and local princes. //  · // The invasions of //// Naples //// Neapolitans sparked the dreams of being unified. //  · // To Prince Metternich of //// Austria ////, the idea of a unified //// Italy //// was a joke. //  · // Austria //// took control over most of northern //// Italy ////. //  · //  In the south, a French Bourbon ruler was put in charge of Naples & Sicily. //  · // Nationalist created secret patriotic societies and focused on their efforts on trying to get rid of Austrian forces from northern //// Italy ////. //   //  1. Mazzini establishes young  ////  Italy  ////. //  · // In the 1830’s the nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini founded young //// Italy ////. //  · // The goal of this secret society was to constitute //// Italy ////, one, free, independent republican nation. //  · // In 1849, Mazzini helped set up a revolutionary in //// Rome ////, but French forces soon toppled it. //  · // Mazzini spent most of his life in exile, plotting and dreaming of a united //// Italy ////. //  //   2. Nationalism takes root. //  · // To nationalist like Mazzini, a united //// Italy //// made sense not only because of geography, but because of a common language and history. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · //  To others, unity made practical economic sense. //  //  3. The struggle for  ////  Italy  // //  A. Cavour Becomes prime minister   // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · // In 185, Victor Emmanuel made Count Camillo Cavour his prime minister. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · // Cavour came from a noble family but favored liberal goals. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · // He was a flexible, practical, crafty politician, willing to do whatever he had too to achieve his goals. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · // He improved agriculture, had railroads built, and encouraged commerce by supporting free trade. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · // Cavour’s long term goal was to end //// Austria //// ’s power in //// Italy // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: -.75in list .5in left .75in 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> // B.  ////  Intrigue with  ////  France  // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 96.75pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 96.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · // In 1855 //// Sardinia ////, led by Cavour, joined //// Britain //// and //// France //// against //// Russia //// in the Crimean War. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 96.75pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 96.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · // Sardinia //// did not win territory, but did have a say at the peace conference  // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 96.75pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 96.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · // Sardinia //// also gained attention from Napoleon II // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 96.75pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 96.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · // In 1858 Cavour negotiated a secret deal with Napoleon who promised to aid //// Sardinia //// in case it faced war with //// Austria ////. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 96.75pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 96.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · // With help from //// France ////, //// Sardinia //// defeated //// Austria //// and annexed //// Lombardy ////. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 60.75pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 60.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.75pt;"> //  C.  ////  Garibaldi’s “red shirts”   // · // Attention shifted to the kingdom of the two Sicilies in southern //// Italy ////. //   · //  Giusseppe Garibaldi (an ally of Mazzini) was ready for action. //  · //  He wanted to create an Italian republic. //  · //  By 1860 Garibaldi had recruited a force of 1,000 red-shirted volunteers   // · // Cavour provided weapons and allowed two ships to take Garibaldi and his “Red Shirts” south to //// Sicily ////. //   · // Quickly, Garibaldi’s forces won control over //// Sicily //// crossed into the mainland, and marched proudly north to //// Naples ////. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 60.75pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 60.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.75pt;"> //  D.  ////  Unity at last  // · // Garibaldi’s success alarmed Cavour, because he wanted to set up a republic in the south. //  · //  Cavour urged Victor Emmanuel to send Sardinian troops to deal with Garibaldi. //  · // Garibaldi turned over //// Naples //// and //// Sicily //// to Emmanuel // · // Southern Italy //// voted to approve the move and in 1861 Victor Emmanuel was crowned king of //// Italy ////. //   · // Two areas remained outside the new Italian nation //// Rome //// and //// Venetia ////. //   · // In a deal negotiated with //// Bismarck //// after the Austro-Prussian War, //// Italy //// acquired //// Venetia ////. //   · // During the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, //// France //// was forced to withdraw its troops from //// Rome ////. //   · // For the first time since the fall of the //// Roman Empire ////, //// Italy //// was a united land. //  //   4. Challenges Facing the New Nation    // · // Italy //// faced a host of problems. //   · // Italy //// had no tradition of unity. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 58.5pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> //  A.  ////  Divisions  // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 85.5pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · // The north was richer and had more cities than the south. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 85.5pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · // The south was rural and poor. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 85.5pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · // Its population was booming, but illiterate peasants could extract only a meager existence from the exhausted farmland. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 85.5pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> · // Hostility between //// Italy //// and the Roman Catholic Church further divided the nation. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 58.5pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> //  B.  ////  Turmoil  // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 112.5pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 112.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · // Italy //// was a constitutional monarchy with a two-house legislature. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 112.5pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 112.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · //  Socialist organized strikes while anarchists turned to sabotage and violence. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 112.5pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 112.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · // To distract attention from troubles at home, the government set out to win an overseas empire in //// Ethiopia ////. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 58.5pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 27.0pt 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> //  C.  ////  Economic  // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 76.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 76.5pt left 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · // Despite its problems, //// Italy //// did develop economically, after 1900. // <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 76.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 76.5pt left 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · //  One important safety valve for many people was emigration, or movement from their homeland. //